施氮量对双季稻产量及其群体光合特性的影响

以早稻株两优4024、金优402和晚稻H优159、金优207为试材分析了不同施氮水平对双季稻(早稻、晚稻)产量及群体特性的影响。施氮水平设置为120,150,180,225 kg/hm2(分别记作N1、N2、N3、N4),考察各处理的产量及其形成和分蘖动态、剑叶SPAD值、剑叶光合速率以及干物质积累等变化指标。结果表明:早稻株两优4024、金优402和晚稻H优159、金优207各处理产量均呈N1、N4、N2、N3依次增加的变化趋势;4个供试组合在分蘖盛期的总生物量呈N1、N2、N3、N4依次增大的变化趋势,在齐穗后13 d、成熟期4个组合的总生物量均呈N1、N4、N2、N3依次增大的变化趋势;相关分析发现,齐穗后13 d、成熟期的叶干质量、茎鞘干质量、穗干质量、根系干质量、地上部干质量、生物总量和剑叶光合速率与产量之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。试验结果说明,在120~180 kg/hm2,增加施氮量有利于双季稻取得高产;增加施氮量可促进分蘖盛期干物质的积累,但过量施氮会影响生长后期干物质的积累;齐穗后较大的生物总量和较高的剑叶光合速率有利于双季稻取得高产。     

大豆磷高效基因GmPHR1和GmPAP4共转化及新种质创制

磷对大豆生长发育至关重要,土壤有效磷缺乏严重影响其产量和品质。目前已有学者通过转基因手段将磷高效相关基因转入大豆,并获得转基因新材料,但多数集中于单基因转化,而双基因共转化研究甚少。本研究在前期获得转磷高效相关基因GmPHR1、GmPAP4大豆新材料基础上,利用农杆菌介导与常规杂交技术进行双基因共转化,结果发现,采用这2种方案均可实现双基因共转化,获得了经PCR及DNA测序分析验证正确的转GmPHR1与GmPAP4双基因新材料“JD12-PHR1-PAP4”。     

The impact of road geometry and surface roughness on fuel consumption of logging trucks

Fuel accounts for more than 35% of transport costs in Swedish forestry, and reduced fuel consumption would provide immediate economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of road gradient, curvature and surface roughness on fuel consumption of a conventional 60-ton logging truck. The study used a 320-km test track on both public and forest roads. The track was driven with various load weights in both dry summer and wet autumn conditions. Fuel consumption data were retrieved from the truck's CAN-bus system, and road data were measured with a profilograph. Average fuel consumption was 71.4?litres/100?km. A regression analysis showed that the most important factor was the interaction between vehicle weight and gradient, explaining the 86% increase between empty and fully loaded truck. In addition, the regression analysis quantified the individual effects of undulation, curvature and surface roughness, explaining the 107% increase in fuel consumption between the highest and lowest road class. Results from the proposed regression model (R² of 84% for a road section length of 1000?m) were consistent with predictions given by the European ARTEMIS model, and the proposed model can be used to improve cost estimation and route selection.     

中国特色的玉米商业育种体系构建

商业育种理念是将公司的整个研发体系视为一条或多条生产流水线,将功能联系密切的研发过程集中起来,形成相对独立的研发管理模块,实现研发流水线的专业化、规模化和工业化,从而极大地提高研究效率,为公司获得市场份额和赚取利润提供基础。在这样的管理理念下,一套功能健全的育种技术体系能够确保研发流水线的顺利实施。综述玉米商业育种的管理理念和技术体系基础上,结合中国种业的发展现状,提出具有中国特色的玉米商业育种体系,即集中有限的资金建立面向全社会的、高起点大规模的研发和服务平台,实现中国种业行业的跨越式发展。     

春马铃薯膜上覆土技术的应用研究

春马铃薯栽培过程中需要人工抠破地膜放苗。采用地膜覆盖露地栽培、一垄双行栽培模式,通过膜上覆土技术代替人工破膜,考查膜上覆土的时间和厚度对出苗率、生育期、商品薯率的影响,探索适合当地马铃薯的栽培方式。研究表明,处理7、8和9顶芽距地表2 cm时覆土,覆土厚度相同,出苗率最高、出苗时间较早,出苗率分别为89.24%、94.97%、95.33%;处理7和8平均生育期与对照一致,均为86天;商品薯率与商品薯产量、生育期、出苗率显著正相关,处理8和9的商品薯率比对照显著增加约5%,其他各处理均表现出不同程度的减产,减产范围为6%~65%;处理8生育期为86天,商品薯率为96.40%,高于处理9,与对照相近,为最佳处理。结果表明,马铃薯顶芽距离地表2 cm时,覆土2~3 cm的处理最优。实施膜上覆土解决了人工破膜的弊端,对马铃薯产业持续健康发展具有一定意义。     

土壤酸化对双季早、晚稻产量的影响

土壤pH是影响水稻生长的重要因素,目前还不清楚土壤酸化对双季水稻产量的影响。本研究利用硫酸调节土壤pH结合移栽后浇灌不同pH的水使土壤酸化。结果表明,随着土壤pH的下降,双季早、晚稻生育期延长,物质生产量下降,产量降低,当浇灌水pH下降至4.5以下,土壤pH下降至5.0以下时,双季早、晚稻产量下降明显,其中早稻平均下降7.82%,晚稻平均下降8.06%;当浇灌水pH下降至3.5以下,土壤pH下降至4.5以下时,双季早、晚稻产量下降幅度更大。土壤酸化主要抑制双季早、晚稻前期分蘖的发生,导致每穗粒数降低,结实率和千粒重也表现出下降的趋势。     

Keratometry in normal cats: a cross-sectional study in Japan using an automated handheld keratometer

Keratometry was performed in 73 domestic cats of varied signalment in Japan using an automated handheld keratometer. The mean corneal curvature radius was significantly lower for cats younger than 1 year than for those older than 2 years (8.04 mm vs. 8.80−8.99 mm, P<0.01). The radius was significantly greater in males than in females among the cats older than 11 years (9.22 mm vs. 8.84 mm, P=0.01), while the age distributions of the males and females were similar. Corneal astigmatism did not significantly differ across the gender and age groups. The predictability of the corneal curvature and astigmatism was approximately 41−43% and less than 3%, respectively, as a function of age and bodyweight. The results highlighted some age- and sex-related keratometric variations in domestic cats in Japan.     

Effects of elevated temperature, elevated CO2 and fertilization on quality and subsequent decomposition of silver birch leaf litter

We examined the quality and decomposition of naturally abscised leaves of silver birch (Betula pendula) seedlings subjected to three different levels of fertilization under ambient and elevated levels of temperature and CO₂. At the end of the second growing season, the chemical composition of the litter collected from the seedlings was analyzed. Whole-leaf samples from pooled litter from each of the four replicates from each treatment were put in mesh bags and transferred to ambient climate in the field. The remaining mass of litter was measured by sampling bags in May and October throughout the four-year incubation period. Fertilization with all nutrients decreased the initial carbon and tannin contents of litter, and increased the proportion of the fast-decomposing fraction, but still fertilization slowed down the decomposition of this fraction. Initially, the estimated proportion of the fast-decomposing fraction was smallest in elevated CO₂ + temperature, and largest in ambient climate. During decomposition, elevated growth-temperature slowed down decomposition of the fast fraction under ambient CO₂ but increased it under elevated CO₂. The changes in litter decomposition rates found over four years were not very large. However, we conclude that the interactions of different factors lead to different results than if the factors had been studied separately, and future studies should take interactions into account.     

夜温升高对双季水稻物质生产与养分吸收的影响

利用两间玻璃室不同的夜间温度条件, 研究了水稻生长期间夜温升高对双季早、晚稻物质生产和养分积累的影响。结果表明: 夜温升高对双季早稻的生物产量没有影响, 但可显著提高晚稻生物产量。早稻穗分化前夜温升高可增加物质积累量, 而穗分化后则减少物质积累量; 夜温升高减少晚稻幼穗分化至抽穗期间的物质积累, 而增加其他生育期的物质积累。夜温升高加速早稻剑叶衰老, 而对晚稻无显著影响。夜温升高对水稻氮素积累影响较小, 对磷、钾积累影响较大。其中, 播种至幼穗分化夜温升高有利于早稻稻株的养分积累, 而幼穗分化后不利于养分积累; 夜温升高不利于晚稻播种—抽穗的养分积累, 而有利于抽穗后的养分积累。试验表明, 夜温升高对不同季水稻及水稻不同生育期物质生产与养分吸收的影响存在差异。     

软件保护方案研究

软件保护是维护软件开发人员利益的主要手段,是软件开发过程中的重要环节。而目前我国的软件保护法制还不太健全,人们的法制观念也比较淡薄,并且计算机软件是一种特殊的商品,极易复制,所以加密就成为了保护软件的一种必要手段。本文介绍几种目前常用的加密方法,并分析了它们的优缺点,最后提出了自己设计的“双软件两次认证”方案。